Understanding the Ranking System in the World of Sumo Wrestling
- Takeshi Amitani
- Feb 9
- 3 min read
Sumo wrestling, Japan's ancient and revered sport, is steeped in tradition, culture, and ritual. At the heart of this world lies the intricate ranking system, or *banzuke*, which not only determines a wrestler's standing but also serves as a reflection of their skill, dedication, and performance. For fans and newcomers alike, understanding the *banzuke* is key to appreciating the competitive structure of sumo wrestling.
## What is the *Banzuke*?
The *banzuke* is the official ranking chart of professional sumo wrestlers. It is meticulously updated before every tournament (*honbasho*), which occurs six times a year. The rankings are determined by the Japan Sumo Association (JSA) based on each wrestler’s performance in the previous tournament. Wrestlers aim to climb the ranks through consistent victories, but a poor performance can see them demoted.
The *banzuke* is more than just a list; it is a historical document and a source of pride for wrestlers. It is traditionally written by hand in calligraphy on large sheets of paper and distributed to sumo stables, fans, and officials.
## The Hierarchy of Sumo Rankings
The sumo ranking system is divided into six main divisions, with each wrestler assigned to a specific tier. Let’s break them down from highest to lowest:
### 1. **Makuuchi (Top Division)**
The *makuuchi* division is the pinnacle of sumo wrestling. It consists of 42 wrestlers and is further divided into sub-ranks:
- **Yokozuna (Grand Champion):** The highest and most prestigious rank in sumo. A *yokozuna* must demonstrate exceptional skill, consistency, and dignity both on and off the dohyo (ring). Unlike other ranks, a *yokozuna* cannot be demoted; if they underperform, they are expected to retire gracefully.
- **Ozeki (Champion):** The second-highest rank. Wrestlers must achieve outstanding results over multiple tournaments to earn this title. However, unlike *yokozuna*, an *ozeki* can be demoted if their performance declines.
- **Sekiwake and Komusubi (Junior Champions):** These ranks are collectively known as the *sanyaku*. Wrestlers at this level are considered elite but have not yet reached the consistency required for *ozeki* promotion.
- **Maegashira:** The remaining wrestlers in the *makuuchi* division are ranked as *maegashira*. Their rankings range from #1 (highest) to #16 or lower, depending on the tournament structure.
### 2. **Juryo (Second Division)**
Wrestlers in the *juryo* division are considered professionals and receive salaries. Promotion to *makuuchi* is highly coveted, making this division fiercely competitive.
### 3. **Makushita (Third Division)**
This division serves as a proving ground for wrestlers aspiring to reach professional status. Only the top-ranked wrestlers in *makushita* have a chance to be promoted to *juryo*.
### 4. **Sandanme (Fourth Division)**
Wrestlers in this division are still honing their skills and gaining experience. While less prestigious, it remains an essential step in a wrestler's journey.
### 5. **Jonidan (Fifth Division)**
This is one of the lowest divisions in sumo, where many young or struggling wrestlers compete.
### 6. **Jonokuchi (Sixth Division)**
The entry-level division for new wrestlers just starting their careers. It is often where high school or university sumo champions begin their professional journey.
## How Rankings Are Determined
A wrestler’s rank is primarily determined by their win-loss record during a tournament. Each wrestler competes in 15 bouts per tournament (or 7 bouts in lower divisions). A winning record (*kachi-koshi*)—eight or more wins—usually results in promotion, while a losing record (*make-koshi*) can lead to demotion.
However, promotions and demotions are not purely mathematical. The JSA considers factors such as the quality of opponents faced and the wrestler’s overall performance. For example, defeating higher-ranked opponents (*kinboshi*, or “gold star” victories) can significantly boost a wrestler’s standing.
## The Prestige of Climbing the Ranks
Reaching the upper ranks of sumo is no small feat. Wrestlers dedicate years of rigorous training, adhering to strict diets and lifestyles, to achieve success. The journey from *jonokuchi* to *makuuchi* can take years—or may never happen at all. Only a select few ever attain the rank of *yokozuna*, making it one of the most exclusive titles in sports.
For fans, following a wrestler’s rise through the ranks adds an emotional layer to each tournament. Every victory brings them closer to their dreams, while every loss reminds us of the challenges they face.
## Conclusion
The *banzuke* is more than just a ranking system; it is a testament to the dedication, discipline, and spirit of sumo wrestling. Each rank tells a story of triumphs and struggles, marking milestones in a wrestler’s career. Whether you’re a seasoned fan or new to sumo, understanding the hierarchy adds depth to your appreciation of this ancient sport.
So next time you watch a tournament, take a moment to consider the weight of each bout—not just as a contest of strength but as a step on the long path through the world of sumo wrestling.